Diversity of interspecific relationships between ants and Opuntias native to Mexico

Abstract

Plant species of the genus Opuntia represent key structural components in arid and semi-arid ecosystems in the Americas, where their morphology and physiology influence multiple ecological processes. Their interaction with ants constitutes a representative example of facultative mutualism, in which plants provide resources such as extrafloral nectar, fruits, and shelter, allowing ants to defend themselves against herbivores and, in some cases, facilitate seed dispersal. These associations are modulated by morphological variability among Opuntia species, which determines the intensity and specificity of the interactions. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of these interspecific relationships is essential for the conservation of ecological systems. Opuntia acts as a key plant in mutualistic networks between ants and plants, where its functional traits determine not only the attraction of ants but also the intensity and stability of the interspecific interactions that contribute to maintaining functional biodiversity in arid ecosystems. This study provides a detailed comparison of the main methods used in the analysis of interaction networks between ants and species of the Opuntia genus, highlighting their operational characteristics, such as seed dispersal, protection and pest control, as well as their ecological impact, methodological limitations and specific recommendations for xerophilous systems.